Divesting and the Carbon Bubble

I was interested to read recently about Norway's largest sovereign wealth fund, the Government Pension Fund Global (apparently the world's richest fund) dropping some of its shares in fossil fuel funds.
This wasn't an "ethical" move, as such, but one that was driven by the belief that the fund was in danger of being invested in companies who would be unable to realise expected profits without breaching legislation outlawing the removal of the remaining fossil fuel reserves. This move is:

 "part of a fast-growing campaign...over $50bn in fossil fuel company stocks have been divested by 180 organisations on the basis that their business models are incompatible with the pledge by the world’s governments to tackle global warming. But the GPFG is the highest profile institution to divest to date."

However it still invests heavily in fossil fuels and has since reinvested some of those resources into oil and gas. The general trend, though, is encouraging and the pressure on large investment bodies to reassess and justify where they put their money is definitely growing.

Part of this pressure comes from warnings such as that made by Mark Carney (Bank of England governor) back in October that "most carbon fuel is unburnable". His argument is supported by evidence from studies into the concept of the Carbon Bubble which conclude that the shares of companies involved in fossil fuels are overvalued due to the fact that their value is calculated with the "assumption that all fossil fuel reserves will be available to be consumed". Whereas in fact:

"... A series of analyses have shown that only a quarter of known and exploitable fossil fuels can be burned if temperatures are to be kept below 2C, the internationally agreed danger limit. 

The divestment movement is growing in response to this realisation. Members of several large Danish pension funds are to be asked to vote on divestment and, closer to home Boris Johnson has been called on by the London Assembly to "change the city's investment policy to exclude fossil fuels."

Now, it will be no surprise to anyone out there that I am a Guardian reader but I make no apology for the number of references to the paper as a source for this post. The current editor (Alan Rusbridger) is stepping down over the Summer and, when looking back over his career he finds that he few regrets 

...  except this one: that we had not done justice to this huge, overshadowing, overwhelming issue of how climate change will probably, within the lifetime of our children, cause untold havoc and stress to our species. So, in the time left to me as editor, I thought I would try to harness the Guardian’s best resources to describe what is happening and what – if we do nothing – is almost certain to occur, a future that one distinguished scientist has termed as “incompatible with any reasonable characterisation of an organised, equitable and civilised global community”.

My last quote given below comes from a particularly powerful article which makes a key point by questioning the effectiveness of relying on broader reasons to persuade investors to divest due to one of the key characteristics of the typical investor -  how they are prone to isolate the process of investing from the actual purpose of money and the part it plays in their lives.

 "Indeed, investors often fetishise monetary returns without thinking about the world in which those monetary returns will have to be spent. This is partially due to misunderstanding the nature of money, which is best thought of not as an independent “thing”, but rather as a claim upon society. What is the point of amassing such monetary claims if the society in which I can use them in has become a lot less liveable?"

So many people worry about inheritance tax. They go through all sorts of loops to pass on their pensions and property and preserve their assets for their children without even acknowledging the truth that none of this will be of much help to those children in a world completely destabilised by climate change. Logic should now dictate the course of action to both institutions and individuals. No-one should need persuading any more. In the case of climate change I fear we have already got past the stage of fiddling our way through the burning and it's now just a matter of how much damage limitation we can plaster over the wound.

This particular issue is very close to my heart but the quote about the way that investors "fetishise" money also sparked my interest in a more general way. I see it in myself, the slavish obsession with tweaking spreadsheets, calculating strategies to claim back and avoid paying tax (incidentally something I'm beginning to feel more and more uncomfortable with - I have a feeling that I should be examining my own "fetishistic" behaviour in this particular arena and comparing it with the kind of world I actually want to live in), fiddling about trying obsessively to lower charges and generally spending lots of my valuable "free" time doing things that I have not "costed" against the returns.. maybe one for a later post.

Graphic via Wikipedia

The Mystique of the Market and the Common Man

I started this blog about a year ago now so I thought I'd take another look at the "theme" I chose when I did so - the idea that investing is a dark art accessible only to the select few. The slant I took was, of course, a little tongue-in-cheek, but there is a serious side to this issue. The proportion of the population who invest in the markets (other than in a "second hand way" via their pension funds - and in this case many people don't even realise this is what is happening) is very small.

The Stocks and Shares ISA, which is the most accessible and widely publicised route into investing, is still a very poor relation to the Cash ISA and this trend has changed very little despite the very poor returns of cash ISAs in recent years. Statistics show that Cash ISAs consistently form over 70% of the total takeup.¹
This disparity is also reflected in the PF blogscape and on sites such as MSE. There are still relatively few UK investment bloggers, and the majority of these are people who work, or have worked, in banking or financial institutions, so cannot consider themselves ordinary mortals :-). (The situation in the US seems to be a little different where Dividend Investing is more popular).

Despite the relative lack of involvement in investing in the UK there's certainly no lack of interest in money itself, evidenced by the vast amount of Budgeting, Saving and DebtFree blogging and forum participation going on.

Why should this be?

Looking back at my own journey I can understand the reticence people feel. For most of us money is hard earned and we are very loath to "play" with it. I believe that this is a pivotal point. Money, for the majority of people, is something that is tied tightly to work. We earn it. It is not something that can be grown. It really does not "grow on trees". However, the select few who grow up in a culture of inheritance see things from a very different point of view. For them what essentially makes money is money itself, compound interest is their biggest friend and volatility holds no real fear. There's a whole different mindset involved and it's one which it is difficult to introduce to people who actually need what they've got and would really struggle if it was lost.

Putting a little away in a savings account and watching it grow slowly is one thing, but tossing it into the seething cauldron of the stock market feels very much like losing control. In the eyes of the general public investing still has that impenetrable fence of, danger, magic, and privilege surrounding it. You need financial qualifications and "insider" knowledge to be able to invest, or you need to be able to pay someone who does. It's much safer to stay on the other side of that fence.

This apprehension is gradually being addressed by the increasing availability of advice and information on the Internet forums such as MSE, blogs such as Monevator, and the DIY platforms themselves. Helpful "Investing Made Easy" books are readily available and understandable. I have used of a lot of this material myself over the last year and I'm really grateful for the time taken by the authors and participants to help and inform. But all this help should be making more inroads than it is.

I suppose we could ask why does it matter? If the majority of people are not comfortable with investing then why should they be encouraged to do so. This might be a sensible response in a world where not so much lay at the door of the individual. In the days of the Defined Benefit pension and co-operative financial institutions such as Building Societies personal finance didn't need to be quite so personal. However many sensible people these days are not even including receiving a state pension in their financial planning. It seems that, (sadly in my opinion - and dangerously too) the state is "letting go" of its responsibility to be mindful of the financial well-being of all its citizens.

Earned wealth is dropping and "grown" wealth is growing. This makes it even more important that ordinary people (what used to equate to the working and lower middle class) start to see the benefit of investing their money. Maybe the newer types of "investment" that don't carry the old fear factor - things like peer-to-peer lending and crowd funding might be a less daunting way into the whole process for some people. Despite the fact that they are often inherently just as risky, they do seem more transparent than the whole cult of "Wealth Management", with its performance charts, asset allocation, diversification, ETFs, Bonds and a multitude of other incomprehensible terms, rules, calculations and acronyms.

All in all, I have had a very interesting year teaching myself the ways of the dark art. I have learnt a lot and although I know that I still have a lot to learn, I have found the whole process incredibly satisfying and engaging. What worries me is that most people don't have the time, inclination or interest to do the legwork, nor the money to pay someone else to do it for them. This fact will do nothing to halt the growing trend towards wealth inequality.



Investing still isn't simple enough, probably because it isn't in the interest of the industry to make it so. This is something we should all be concerned about.

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1 HM Revenue and Customs ISA Statistics^↩

February 2015 Update

February's update here

The markets have been kind this month so there is very little red in my portfolio. My biggest monthly addition continues to be £1000 into my SIPP which I will be making until my husband retires in July. I'm still working on my strategy for the SIPP after that, but as it is pretty pivotal to my being able to retire in two years' time, it's important that I get it right.

I've also started investing in "Abundance" this month which I'm hoping will be something I can add to when we have any spare cash. I like the way that chunks of capital are returned each year, as well as interest paid, as this suits my time scales for when I will need the money (and it also allows me to support clean energy production).

All in all, a quiet but productive month, just the way we like it :-)

Summary Feb 2015
Total Funds Outstanding £22,284.95

SWR - Who Cares?

Safe Withdrawal Rate (the % of a pot of money that can be taken each year without fear of it running out before the grim reaper strikes) is a topic much discussed on FI boards and blogs. However I only have a passing interest in the subject because I don't really have a pension "pot". I'm one of those lucky people with a (modest) DB pension that will never run out and will keep going as long as I do. It's index linked and 50% of it will pass to my husband if I die before he does. So once I get to 66 I'm sorted.

My problem consists of funding the years between 58 (when I hope to retire) and 65 (when I intend taking my pension). My calculations are not around working out how much I can take, they are based on having enough there in the first place. It doesn't matter to me if it all goes and I do have the luxury of knowing how long it has to last, but it does have to be there. I'm very close to needing the money (two years this month) and still a fair way off from having it. I need the pot to grow but I haven't got a lot of time. If it shrinks dramatically I could be looking at working longer or not sleeping at nights when I do leave, so I need to secure my income for those years as tightly as possible. How to do this?

I have no training in economics and failed A level maths 3 times (this and learning to drive are the two things I've allowed myself to fail at in my life) and the dynamics of the markets is something I've only just started to take an interest in. Financial products and how to manage money (beyond the basics) is an art I'm only just learning but I think these are the two areas I need to work on.

Assess how much I need to live on.

This should be the easy bit. Working on the premise that we will need as much as we are spending now I have calculated that I will need to secure an income of £930 per month for the 20 months before my husband receives his state pension and £505 for the 64 months after until my pension becomes payable. Total = £50,920.

But at this point I am already making two assumptions:

• that our rental property will bring in at least £4,000 pa
• our ISA's will have grown to £70,000, won't lose value dramatically and will pay 3% dividends giving us at least £2,000 pa. 

This process also tells me something quite important: I need a substantially higher amount of income in the first two years than I do for the following 5.

Work out how much I need to produce this income and how to secure it when I've got it.

This is the tricky part. In simple terms I could just plan to save the whole amount in cash, put it in a bank account and draw out what I need each month. The problem with this is that I'm getting very nervous about whether or not I'll actually have the full amount. I have £29,600 at the moment but that could be £25,000 next week, or £32,000 depending on what the markets do. In any case I definitely need to ramp up my saving to reach my target and this will be made very difficult due to the fact that our disposable income will shrink massively in a few months when my husband retires.

According to received wisdom I shouldn't really have any of my pension in equities at all since I will need to draw on it in 2 years time. Thankfully a good chunk of it (around £19,000) is safely stored in my CIS FAVC but I will have to transfer it out in order to draw it so I will need to have worked out what to do with it by then. Maybe I shouldn't actually put this in my SIPP for drawdown but put it into a "high" interest current account instead and use it to fund the first two, most expensive, years of retirement?

It's very difficult to see how things will pan out given that we don't yet know how pension drawdown will work under the new rules so maybe when this becomes clearer I will be able to put together a firmer plan. But my more immediate dilemma is that I need my SIPP to grow but I shouldn't risk the volatility that this requires. According to my calculations I'll have just enough, but only just and only if....

I know the solution of course, spend less, save more. Any kind of withdrawing, safe or otherwise, depends on the funds being there in the first place. Perhaps I need to concentrate more on tactics for saving than worry so much about where to put the money and how to make it grow.

Having more than enough is the only way to be confident that I won't run out and it's time I acknowledged this, bumped up my targets (see below) and got on with it.

Targets	Current
ISAs - £70,000	65,344
Pension - £50,000	29,600
Abundance Gen - £7,500	1,500
Cash - £22,500	22,000
Total - £150,000	118,444
Isa To Go	4,656
Pension To Go	20,400
Cash To Go	500
Abundance To Go	6,000
Total To Go	31,556

(The money in Adundance is an interesting addition because it works in quite a different way from the rest of my investments. A chunk of capital is returned each year and, so long as the project you are invested in doesn't fail (which is a risk), you can be fairly confident of that return. So this level of investment should give me a return of around £650 - £700 pa.)

Starting With the Woman in the Mirror

By the end of a week in which it became increasingly difficult to maintain any faith in the possibility of integrity and banking being at all compatible, I finally took the plunge and joined the Green Party.

This wasn't an easy decision. I was born and brought up in South Yorkshire and both my father and grandfather were miners so socialism has been in my heart and soul since birth. A degree in Philosophy didn't dislodge it from either, but rather settled it deeper, as did having children. I haven't given up on the ideas, I just don't think Labour are coming up with the goods at the moment.

The Greens haven't a hope in hell of getting anywhere in my constituency, but then neither have Labour, so I'm won't be doing anything significant by shifting my vote, but it will certainly make me feel better. Whilst reading their website to double check I knew what I was getting into, I came across the moveyourmoney initiative and their current campaign "Divest" encouraging people to withdraw support from banks that invest in fossil fuels, which is pretty much all of them as far as I can see, with HSBC being the biggest offender (surprise, surprise). My own bank is up there too.

What struck me the most about all this was the fact that I simply hadn't put 2 and 2 together as regards my recent investment in oil with climate change and the importance of creating a sustainable energy policy for future generations. I suppose I'd been telling myself that the amount involved was so small that it didn't make a difference where I put it, and that I probably had money in all sorts of things I don't approve of without even knowing it, so it was pointless being sniffy about this buy. Well in this particular case I do know and it does make a difference, so this morning I've sold my BlackRock World Mining Trust shares, taken a bit of profit and set up an account with Abundance which is a crowdfunding platform that allows you to invest in renewable energy projects.

Abundance Generation. 

I'm really interested in the current project they have under offer which involves putting solar panels into social housing in Berwickshire. I just need to check that I understand the investment properly as it's something called an Income Growth Debenture with an IRR of 7.5%. Further details state:

This is the first project on Abundance to issue an Income Growth Debenture. An Income Growth Debenture is a long-term unsecured certificate that gives the holder the right to receive a defined amount of interest income each year (for Oakapple Berwickshire 3.3% for the first year - excluding the 0.4% Pioneer Bonus), which increases annually (for Oakapple Berwickshire by 3.3%) for the life of the investment. The amount paid out is not linked to the amount of energy produced and is paid in addition to repayment of your capital in the form of regular Cash Returns.

I'm not quite sure how this all fits together. If anyone can throw any light on it please do leave a comment. Although debentures are meant to be held for the long term you can sell via a bulletin board on the site and they do state that all sales so far have been "positive" - ie have made a profit. There is obviously some risk to all this but the amount I would be investing would be quite small (£1,500), in fact you have to confirm that you won't invest more than 10% of your assets on the platform when you create an account, and I really like the double whammy of sustainable energy and social housing.

The events this week also prompted me to look at where I hold my current account, and, as a result, I've decided to switch to NationWide which come out with a MoveYourMoney score of 64/100. On top of that their Flex Account pays 5% interest on up to £2,500 for a year so we'll be setting up two (one joint for our everyday banking and one in my name to manage the rental income) and closing down everything we have with Halifax. Now I just have to work out what to do with the bulk of our cash which is sitting in a Santander account.

It's been a busy weekend but I feel better for it. I've done a lot of reading that has given me back hope that despite the events of last week, there are plenty of people out there who are working hard to give us opportunities to invest, save and use our money in a positive way so that we can secure not just our own future, but the future for us all.

I hope that at some time I will feel that I can also re-invest in the Labour Party and see it as the Party of the future but at the moment this isn't the case. Time will tell..

Labour? It is in transition. It knows the socialism it used to champion no longer functions: it knows neoliberalism does not work either. It experimented with Blairism, which for all its electoral success did not address the fundamental weaknesses in the British system. It knows it is a party for the mass of Britain, with roots that must remain in the workplace and the day-to-day life of ordinary people. It is dedicated to their flourishing, and to the justice that must underpin it. The country at different times in its history has looked to its left and right traditions to do the correct thing. It now needs Labour to complete its transition, to pick up this programme, or something like it, and implement the change we need to show how good we can be. "

Will Hutton, extract from "How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a Great Country".
http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/11/british-capitalism-broken-how-to-fix-it

Reducing the Pain of Equity Release

Some 15 years or so ago my parents took out an equity release mortgage with Northern Rock. They inherited a large house when first married which they have lived in since and which they have always been adamant they never want to leave, but it's a very old building, difficult to heat and, at the time they took out the mortgage, needed a new roof and various other repairs. They borrowed a significant lump sum at an interest rate of 7.25%.

I have just seen the paperwork for the first time and was shocked to realise that the debt is going up at current rate of £11,000 per year. However, the debt doesn't have to be repaid until the house is sold and the theory is that house prices should rise at a rate that will compensate for the interest. It's difficult to be sure that this has been the case as the house is a bit of a "one-off" and difficult to value but I have used the Lloyds house price calculator  and it seems that they currently owe about 30% of the estimated value of the house.

I have been doing some reading around the subject as my parents have asked me to take a look at their more general financial situation and I have discovered that Northern Rock collapsed and the mortgage has been passed to Papilio UK who don't offer any new loans of this kind and don't even seem to be members of the Equity Release Council which is slightly worrying. My plan is to transfer the mortgage to another provider offering a lower interest rate (we could get 5.63% with Aviva) and hopefully release a little more equity which could be used to clear a (recently discovered) credit debt with an interest rate of over 18%.

Given my parents' situation they had few options available back then when the roof needed fixing as the only asset they had was the house. It made sense, and still does, to use that asset to give them the retirement they want, where they want it. I just need to help them do it as painlessly as possible.

Does anyone have experience of this type of mortgage or see any flaws in my plan?

What To Do About The Pigeons? (...or Be More Bee.)

In my garden the pigeons are definitely the top 0.1% ( except for when the squirrels are around, swinging upside down from the feeders and helping themselves to nuts, but I seem to be able to forgive them their occasional foraying raid, at least they're cute and crafty.)

However, the two pigeons that have taken residence in my garden are a big drain on my emotional resources. I get very cross when I see them strutting around, policing the bottom of the feeders, dive- bombing the smaller birds (and each other) and I spend a lot of time thinking about how to reduce their dominance over the resources. I have nailed tacks to the top of the bird table and carefully spaced the feeders so they can't reach them in an attempt to ring-fence some of the food for tits, finches, robins and sparrows and all the diverse bird life that's out there, but to very little avail. The food might be there but the best any of the other birds seem to be able to do is a quick snatch and grab before the big boys get to them. I can see them out there now, sitting on the fence watching over their domain, stuffed full of seed. I'm not kidding, I've seen them struggle to take off because they've eaten so much and still find the energy to chase the other birds away.

So, desperate to get a little "feel-good" back about my garden I have decided to investigate bee-keeping. I know it won't solve my pigeon problem but apparently it is quite feasible to site hives in suburban gardens and there might even be a very small income stream to be developed. However, the main benefit for me

would be the feeling that I'm doing something to help the environment and watching all that cooperation going on in the process. Honey bees display an extreme form of social interaction which is described as eusocial, every individual has a role and they all work together to achieve a common goal. How less like the pigeons could that be?

The survival of the fittest has worked for both these models of behaviour, but I would guess that as far as economical growth and global human well-being goes, it will eventually be proved that we have drifted a little too far towards rewarding the inner pigeon, instead of developing the inner bee. I recognise that this is a crude metaphor but it does provide food for thought. Human wellbeing and prosperity has a very definite social aspect and I suspect the 0.1% will find it harder to find happiness if we move much further down the road we are currently travelling.

In the meantime I'm hoping to get me some bees and introduce a little harmony to offset all that pigeon power.

(btw does anyone have a cunning plan to "encourage" them to go elsewhere?)

Picture courtesy of http://www.thebeeskneesdesignbureau.com/